MARK
ZAKHAROVICH SHAGAL (1887-1985)
"Marc
Chagall: Russian-born French painter. Born to a humble Jewish family
in the ghetto of a large town in White Russia, Chagall passed a childhood
steeped in Hasidic culture. Very early in life he was encouraged by
his mother to follow his vocation and she managed to get him into
a St Petersburg art school. Returning to Vitebsk, he became engaged
to Bella Rosenfeld (whom he married twelve years later), then, in
1910, set off for Paris, 'the Mecca of art'. He was a tenant at La
Ruche, where he had Modigliani and Soutine for neighbours. His Slav
Expressionism was tinged with the influence of Daumier, Jean-Francois
Millet, the Nabis and the Fauves. He was also influenced by Cubism.
Essentially a colourist, Chagall was interested in the Simultaneist
vision of Robert Delaunay and the Luminists of the Section d'Or.
"Chagall
returned to Vitebsk in 1914, where he was caught by the outbreak of
the First World War. He married Bella there in 1915. He was appointed
provincial Commissar for Fine Art in 1917 and became involved in ambitious
projects for a local academy, but he left after two and a half years
in order to escape the revolutionary dictates of Malevich. After a
stay in Moscow, where he worked in the Jewish theatre, then in Berlin,
where he studied the technique of engraving, he returned to Paris
in 1923. For the publisher Vollard he illustrated Gogol's Dead Souls,
La Fontaine's Fables and the Bible. Breton, who admired the 'total
lyric explosion' of his pre-war painting, tried to claim him for Surrealism
but Chagall only flirted with it briefly during his exile in New York
(1941-48). His emblematic irrationality shook off all outside influences:
colour governed his compositions, calling up chimerical processions
of memory where reality and the imaginary are woven into a single
legend, born in Vitebsk and dreamed in Paris. Back in France, Chagall
discovered ceramics, sculpture and stained glass. He settled in the
south of France, first at Vence (1950), then in Saint-Paul-de-Vence
(1966). Commissions poured in: for the Assy baptistery in 1957, the
cathedrals of Metz (1960) and Rheims (1974), the Hebrew University
Medical Centre synagogue in Jerusalem (1960), the Paris Opera (1963).
The Musee Chagall in Nice dedicated to the 'Biblical Message' set
the seal on his fame in July 1973. A painter-poet celebrated by Apollinaire
and Cendrars, Chagall brought back the forgotten dimension of metaphor
into French formalism."
Text
from: "Art20,
The Thames and Hudson Multimedia Dictionary of Modern Art"
